Parts of Speech

NOUN

a  place, person, or thing. Can be the subject or object of a sentence. Ex: dog, house, father, France

PRONOUN

a word that stands or  replaces for ("pro" = for) a noun. Ex: they, he , she, it

VERBS

action words. Ex: read, sit, screw

ADJECTIVE

a word that modifies or describes a noun. Answers the questions "how many," "what kind," etc. Ex: sad, suicidal, green, dangerous

ADVERB

a word that modifies or describes a verb. Ex: carefully, wisely, quickly. Also sometimes  describes  an adjective. ("He was very short." 'Very' is an adverb modifying 'short,' which in turn is an adjective modifying 'he'.) Adverbs usually, but not always, end in "-ly". (However, not every word ending in "ly" is an adverb: "friendly," for example, is an adjective.)

PREPOSITION

(literally "pre-position") a word that indicates the relationship of a noun (or noun phrase) to another word. Examples of prepositions are against, to, with, at, for,  across. 

Action Words Or State

Verbs are action words. An action word is a doing verb - think of an action and it will know doubt be a verb. For example:
To kick
To run
To jump
To scream
All the words above are action words - you do them.
 Some verbs represent a state of being for example to like is not an action it's a state. To show you like someone you might use actions e.g. to hug, to kiss, to help - but to like on its own isn't an action.
Some verbs can be state and action words depending on the context for example:
1. I have a dog called Picasso.
2. I have lunch every day.
In example 1 have is a synonym for the word possesses or own. Both these synonyms are states of being. Owning something isn´t an action it´s a state of being. Possessing something is a state of being.
 In example 2 have is a synonym for the word eat. To eat is an action.
State verbs can´t be used in a continuous form e.g. as an ING verb. For example, we can't say, "I'm possessing it" or "I'm owning it." Or  'I am loving you', we say 'I love you'!!