Checking into a Hotel

Public Transportation

Changing Money

Immigration and Customs

77 Tips To A Better English Using the Internet

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77 Tips to a Better English

Using the Internet

 

Go Where Top Learners Go and Get Fast Results Too

A Guide for Second Language Learners

NEW November 2009 Edition

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Object Pronouns

Remember, a pronoun is used in place of a noun. Subject pronouns come in front of verbs, and object pronouns follow them:


me                        us
you                       you
him, her, it            them


EXAMPLES


–We see our friends.
–>We see them. (them takes the place of our friends)


–Call the waiter.
–>Call him. (i.e., the waiter)


–They like coffee.
–>They like it. (i.e., coffee)


Placement of Object Pronouns



When there is a sentence with more than one object pronoun, the rule is as follows:


1. PLACE THE DIRECT OBJECT PRONOUN DIRECTLY AFTER THE VERB


2. ANY INDIRECT OBJECT PRONOUN WILL COME LAST.


EXAMPLES


–The lawyer gives you the envelope.
–>He gives it to you.


–They will send me some letters.
–>They'll send them to me.


–He's explaining the will to us.
–>He's explaining it to us.


Note that when you use a direct object pronoun, it comes earlier in the sentence than its noun equivalent:


–I give you a visa.
–>I give it to you.


The example below points to a problem with object word order in English. When a noun is the direct object, it normally comes last in the sentence (I wrote them a check.). When a pronoun is the direct object, the indirect object moves to the end of the sentence, and is preceded by to:


–She's leaving you her estate.
–>She's leaving it to you.

Reflexive Pronouns

The following are reflexive pronouns:


myself                                  ourselves
yourself                                yourselves
himself, herself, itself           themselves


A reflexive pronoun usually refers to the subject of a sentence:


–We looked at ourselves in the mirror.
(We and ourselves are the same persons.)

Sometimes reflexive pronouns are used for emphasis:


–I washed my clothes myself.

this, that & Pronouns

Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns



To differentiate between things in English, use either:


this
that
these
those

Any of these demonstratives can be used with a noun or by itself. This (singular) and these (plural) refer to something or someone close at hand. That (singular) and those (plural) refer to something or someone a bit farther away.


EXAMPLES:


–Do you want this box or that box?
–I'd like some of that popcorn.
–Do you want these or those?
–This apartment is nicer than that one.

Using Whose

Whose is used to show possession. It has the same meaning as other possessive adjectives such as his, hers, its, their, etc.
–There's the man whose house we bought.
–I have a book whose story is fascinating.


Whose modifies people but can also be used with things.

You should learn how to combine short sentences using whose:


–The woman is a talented artist. I saw her paintings.
–The woman whose paintings I saw is a talented artist.

Who, Which & That

The Relative Pronouns Who/Which/That



Who, which and that are relative pronouns. They are usually used in dependent clauses introduced by a main clause:


–I tipped the waiter who (that) served us.
–We thanked the people who (that) helped us.


Note that in the above two examples who and that are substituted for one another. Even though who is more grammatically correct than that in reference to a person or persons, that is heard often in speech.


Who is used only for people. That can be used to refer to a person or thing. Which is used only for things:


–The car, which we rented, doesn't work.

Whom, Which & That

The Relative Pronouns Whom/Which/That



Follow the same rules for using who(m), which, and that, as you do with other relative pronouns. The only difference is that now these pronouns are functioning as objects:


–The movie that we saw last night was terrible.
–The movie, which we saw last night, was terrible.


For people, you will use either who or whom. Who is usually used instead of whom in colloquial speech, even though it is technically incorrect:


–The person who they saw was sick. (informal)
–The person whom they saw was sick. (formal)
–There's the driver who the police arrested. (informal)
–There's the driver whom the police arrested. (formal)

Prepositions

Here are some common English prepositions:

about             into
above            like
across           near
after              of
along             off
among           on
around          out
before           over
behind          since
below           through
beneath        throughout
beside          till
between       to
beyond         toward
by                 under
despite          until
down             up
during           upon
for                with
from             within
in                  without


Prepositions are used in phrases and as parts of verbs.

Possessive Adjectives

Here are the possessive adjectives in English:


1st person, singular—my
3rd person, singular—his, her, its
1st person, plural—our
2nd person, sing./pl.—your
3rd person, plural—their


In English, the gender and number of the possessor determines the form of the possessive adjective:


–I have a credit card. It's my credit card.
–She has some money. It's her money.


NOTE: Often the subject of the verb is not the person who owns the noun. Be careful about this. You must know the gender and number of the owner to be able to use possessive adjectives correctly:


–Are you buying his ticket or her ticket?
–I'm buying his ticket.

Expressing Opposition

Here are some ways to show opposition when the result is the opposite of what you might expect:


1. ADVERB CLAUSES
even though
although
though


–Even though it was hot, we wore our coats.


2. CONJUNCTIONS
but ... anyway
but ... still
yet ... still


–It was cold, but we still went swimming.


3. PREPOSITIONS
despite
in spite of


–They went skiing despite the warm temperatures.


Here are words that show direct opposition:


1. ADVERB CLAUSES
whereas
while


–Paul is tall, whereas Richard is short.
–While Sue is industrious, Marie is lazy.


2. CONJUNCTION
but

–The travel agent is tired, but she is still working.


3. TRANSITIONS
however
on the other hand


–Carole is beautiful; however, she doesn't dress very well.


Whereas and while are used to show direct opposition; it does not make any difference which idea comes first and which second; the same rule applies for but / however / on the other hand.

Negatives

The word not is used with do to make a verb negative, as in I don't have any money (don't = do not). No is used as an adjective in front of a noun, as in I have no money. Both of these examples are acceptable ways of expressing the idea that you do not have something.


Note these contracted negative forms with do:


I don't
you don't
he, she doesn't
they don't
we don't


Here are some affirmative words and their negative forms in English:


AFFIRMATIVES


someone, anybody
something, anything
still
ever
either... or


NEGATIVES


no one, nobody
nothing
no longer
never
neither... nor


Avoid using more than one negative in a clause:


–I don't have any money.
NOT: I don't have no money.


–They don't see anybody.
NOT: They don't see nobody.


–I didn't do anything.
NOT: I didn't do nothing.

Exclamations!

Most exclamations in English are preceded by what or how:


–What terrible weather!
–How awful!


What is used much more frequently than how in everyday language.


Exclamations can be as brief as one or two words (What a mess!) or as long as a sentence:

–What a way to end my vacation!


NOTE: Don't forget that what and how are most frequently used in questions:


–What did you say?
–How much does it cost?

Contractions

You will want to learn how to use contractions as soon as possible. Contractions are used constantly in informal English. Examples of contracted subject/verb forms are:

TO BE

I am–>I'm
he is–>he's
we are–>we're
you are–>you're
they are–>they're


TO HAVE


I have–>I've
we have–>we've
you have–>you've
they have–>they've


Contractions are frequently used with compound forms of verbs, especially the progressive or continuous form of the present tense (I'm going. / We're leaving.) and the present perfect forms (I've received the letter. / They've already left.)

Using Conjunctions

Here are some conjunctions that are frequently used in subordinate clauses:


TIME     CAUSE & EFFECT


after                   because
before                since
when                  now that
while                  as
as                       as/so long as
since                  inasmuch as
until                   so (that)
as soon as          in order that
once
as/so long as


OPPOSITION       CONDITION


even though                  if
although                       unless
though                          only if
whereas                        whether or not
while                             even if
                                     providing (that)
                                     provided (that)
                                     incase (that)
                                     in the event (that)


When a conjunction is used with a subordinate clause, the construction is called an adverbial clause.


Here are some adverbial clauses that relate to time:

–After we leave the bank, we'll spend the money.
–When they arrived, they sat down to dinner.
–We haven't seen her since she left.


And here are clauses that show cause and effect relationships:


–Since you didn't call, I made other plans.
–He went to bed, because he was tired.


Another way to show a cause and effect relationship is to use such... that and so... that:


–It was such a nice evening that they stayed up too late.
–The lemonade was so cold that she couldn't drink it.

Using Comparisons

There are two ways to make a comparison in English.


1.) Use more in front of the adjective.
–It's more exciting.


2.) Add -er to end of the adjective.
–A bus is cheaper than a taxi.


To complete a comparison, use than.
–I am older than my wife.


For most one-syllable adjectives, use -er: older, wiser, etc. For most two and three-syllable adjectives, use more: more recent. For two-syllable adjectives ending in -y, use -er. Note that the y is changed to i in words such as busy (busier) and pretty (prettier).


It is sometimes hard to decide whether to use more or -er in a comparison. In fact, there are many common adjectives that use either form (such as able, angry, cruel, friendly, polite, quiet, simple, etc.). Listening and practice with speaking the language will help you more than any number of rules. Finally, note the following irregular forms:


good–>better
little–>less
bad–>worse
far–>farther


Adverbs can also be used in comparisons. More is used with adverbs that end in -ly:


slowly–>more slowly
careful–>more carefully


Use -er with one-syllable adverbs: faster, harder, sooner, closer, etc.


Note these irregular forms:


well–>better
far–>farther
badly–>worse

Imperatives

Imperatives (The Command Form)



It is simple to use the imperative or command form in English. When a command is directed at someone else, use the you form of the simple present tense:


–You take the elevator.
–>Take the elevator.


(Simply drop the subject you.)


If the command includes you and others, use the we form:


–We take our luggage.
–>Let's take the luggage.


(Drop the subject we and add let's [let us].)

Articles

Indefinite and Definite Articles



There is no need to worry about whether a noun is masculine, feminine, or neuter in English. Normally, a noun is preceded by a definite article (THE) or an indefinite article (A, AN) as follows:


DEFINITE ARTICLE


the tourist
the area
the card
the hotel
the restaurant
the people
the signs


INDEFINITE ARTICLE


a tourist
an area
a card
a hotel
a restaurant
some people
some signs


Note that definite articles refer to something specific, while indefinite articles refer to something non-specific. Use an in front of words beginning with vowels and some with plural nouns.

Using Some and Any

In English the words some and any are used before plural nouns: some money, some dollars, any change, etc.



However, it is often possible to leave out the word some in declarative sentences:


–We have (some) checks.
–Mr. Roberts gives them (some) money.


The word any is usually used in questions and negations to replace some:


–Do you have any change?
–Do you have some change?
–They don't have any friends.

Few and Little

Using A Few, Few, A Little, and Little


A few and few are used with plural count nouns:
–a few friends, few ideas, a few things to do, etc.


A little and little are used with noncount nouns:
–little money, a little rain, a little wind, etc.


NOTE: Few and little give a negative idea, conveying the notion that something is largely absent:


–They have very little money.
–We have few options remaining.


NOTE: A few and a little give a positive idea, indicating that something exists or is present:


–I have a little free time today.
–Do you have a few moments?

Adjectives and Adverbs

Placement of Adjectives and Adverbs


Adjectives and adverbs are invariable in English. Adjectives always come in front of the noun they modify. Adverbs usually come after the verb they modify.


ADJECTIVES


a good book
an excellent dinner
a fine wine
a charming person
a hot day
an unreasonable person


ADVERBS


–This newspaper is published frequently.
–The Immigration Agent is speaking quickly.

Passive Voice

In other sections, you have seen verbs used in the active voice. The passive voice is sometimes used in English as well. In the active voice, the subject performs the action on something else; in the passive voice, the action is performed on the subject.




ACTIVE
 –The doctor wrote a prescription.

 PASSIVE
–The prescription was written by the doctor.


NOTE: In the passive, the object of the active verb becomes the subject.


To make the passive, use the appropriate form of the verb to be + past participle. Only transitive verbs are used in the passive:


ACTIVE: Fred helps Jane.
PASSIVE: Jane is helped by Fred.
ACTIVE: He is helping her.
PASSIVE: She is being helped by him.
ACTIVE: He has helped her.
PASSIVE: She has been helped by him.
ACTIVE: He helped her.
PASSIVE: She was helped by him.
ACTIVE: He was helping her.
PASSIVE: She was being helped by him.
ACTIVE: He had helped her.
PASSIVE: She had been helped by him.
ACTIVE: He will help her.
PASSIVE: She will be helped by him.
ACTIVE: He is going to help her.
PASSIVE: She is going to be helped by him.

Usually the by phrase is omitted in a passive sentence. The passive is used mainly when it is not known or not important to know who was responsible for the action:


–The house was built in 1960.


(The by phrase is left out because it is understood that builders built the house).

PLURAL PRONOUNS

SUBJECT            OBJECT                       POSSESSIVE ملكية
                                                              غير متبوعة باسم- متبوعة باسم    We نحن                      us                           our            Ours ملكنا
You - أنت أنتم              you                         your          Yours ملككم
Theyهم-هن                 them                       their          Theirs ملكهم ملكهن


EXAMPLE


It bits them هو عضهم
We visit you. نحن نزوركم
You welcome us أنتم ترحبوا بنا

They read it. هم يقرءوه

These are our books.These’re ours.
These are your books.These’re yours.
These are there books. These’re theirs.

To Be

Here are the forms of the English verb "to be" in context:





I am American.
You are American, too. (use this form for singular and plural, formal and informal)
He is Italian.
She is French.
It is a rabbit.
We are American.
You are French. (use this form for singular and plural, formal and informal)
They are Austrian.


English speakers commonly use contracted forms of "to be:"


I am American.                                  I’m American
You are American, too.                     You’re American, too.
He is Italian.                                      He’s Italian.
She is French.                                    She’s French.
It is a rabbit.                                       It’s a rabbit.
We are American.                             We’re American.
You are French.                                 You’re French.
They are Austrian.                             They’re Austrian.


Here’s a quick reference chart for the verb "to be:"

Singular                            Plural
I am                                  we are
you are                             you are
he/she/it is                        they are

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